In the mid 19th century European influence in China expanded dramatically as Chinarsquos defeat in the Opium Wars led to demands from the British to open trade in certain Chinese ports These areas...

Two things happened in the eighteenth century that made it difficult for England to balance its trade with the East First the British became a nation of tea drinkers and the demand for Chinese tea rose astronomically It is estimated that the average London worker spent five percent of his or her total household budget on tea Second northern Chinese merchants began to ship Chinese cotton from the interior to the south to compete with the Indian cotton that Britain had used to help pay for its tea consumption habits To prevent a trade imbalance the British tried to sell more of their own products to China but there was not much demand for heavy woolen fabrics in a country accustomed to either cotton padding or silkThe only solution was to increase the amount of Indian goods to pay for these Chinese luxuries and increasingly in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries the item provided to China was Bengal opium With greater opium supplies had naturally come an increase in demand and usage throughout the country in spite of repeated prohibitions by the Chinese government and officials The British did all they could to increase the trade They bribed officials helped the Chinese work out elaborate smuggling schemes to get the opium into China39s interior and distributed free samples of the drug to innocent victimsThe cost to China was enormous The drug weakened a large percentage of the population (some estimate that 10 percent of the population regularly used opium by the late nineteenth century) and silver began to flow out of the country to pay for the opium Many of the economic problems China faced later were either directly or indirectly traced to the opium trade The government debated whether to legalize the drug through a government monopoly like that on salt hoping to barter Chinese goods in return for opium But since the Chinese were fully aware of the harms of addiction in 1838 the emperor decided to send one of his most able officials Lin Tse-hsu (Lin Zexu 1785-1850) to Canton (Guangzhou) to do whatever necessary to end the traffic foreverLin was able to put his first two proposals into effect easily Addicts were rounded up forcibly treated and taken off the habit and domestic drug dealers were harshly punished His third objective mdash to confiscate foreign stores and force foreign merchants to sign pledges of good conduct agreeing never to trade in opium and to be punished by Chinese law if ever found in violation mdash eventually brought war Opinion in England was divided Some British did indeed feel morally uneasy about the trade but they were overruled by those who wanted to increase England39s China trade and teach the arrogant Chinese a good lesson Western military weapons including percussion lock muskets heavy artillery and paddlewheel gunboats were far superior to China39s Britain39s troops had recently been toughened in the Napoleonic wars and Britain could muster garrisons warships and provisions from its nearby colonies in Southeast Asia and India The result was a disaster for the Chinese By the summer of 1842 British ships were victorious and were even preparing to shell the old capital Nanking (Nanjing) in central China The emperor therefore had no choice but to accept the British demands and sign a peace agreement This agreement the first of the quotunequal treatiesquot opened China to the West and marked the beginning of Western exploitation of the nationOther humiliating defeats followed in what one historian has called China39s quottreaty centuryquot (major aspects of the so-called quotunequal treatiesquot were not formally voided until 1943) In 1843 France and the United States and Russia in 1858 negotiated treaties similar to England39s Nanking (Nanjing) Treaty including a provision for extraterritoriality whereby foreign nationals in China were immune from Chinese law To compel a reluctant China to shift from its traditional tribute based foreign relations to treaty relations Europeans fought a second war with China from 1858-1860 and the concluding Treaty of Tientsin (Tianjin) and Convention of Peking (Beijing) increased China39s semi-colonial status More ports were open to foreign residence and trade and foreigners especially missionaries were allowed free movement and business anywhere in the countryConflicts for the rest of the century wrung more humiliating concessions from China with Russia over claims in China39s far west and northeast in 1850 and 1860 with England over access to the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in 1876 with France over northern Vietnam in 1884 with Japan over its claims to Korea and northeast China in 1895 and with many foreign powers after 1897 which demanded quotspheres of influencequot especially for constructing railroads and mines In 1900 an international army suppressed the anti-foreign Boxer Rebellion in northern China destroying much of Beijing in the process Each of these defeats brought more foreign demands greater indemnities that China had to repay more foreign presence along the coast and more foreign participation in China39s political and economic life Little wonder that many in China were worried by the century39s end that China was being sliced up quotlike a melonquotRemeber this to answer the following questions

answer all these questions October 1940 Italy invades - results EVENTS OF 1941 The War becomes more in its dimension Two theatres of action European Theater continued Defeat of Mussolinis armies in and German forces arrived in -- led by General Erwin Rommel AKA -- Germany invades and in April and May Significance of above events Holocaust ramps up Gas chambers at Auschwitz and Treblinka were put to use Most concentration camps were located in While the British bomb German cities Germans bomb British cities German Strategy changes Initial plan of attack resembled the old x plan Hitler changes the plan including the point of attack 1 Army Group B initiates move into - This will draw the army there 2 Army Group A concentrates here which bypassed the strong French frontier defenses of the Maginot Line The advance would then encircle French and British divisions to the north June 1940 Dunkirk is saved to fight the rest of the war against Gemany Churchills role June 1940 Italy attacks Stabbed her in the back - quote by FDR France surienders -- an armistice was signed with Germany with the puppet French government under a hero of World War One Marshall Ptain - in control in the unoccupied part of southern and eastern France and Germany in control in the rest of the country Charles de Gaulle as the leader of the French fled to England to continue the fight against Hitler Summer 1940 Italy attacks the British in - Desert warfare Short-term success but 1940 Operation Sea Lion - Hitlers Plan to conquer The Battle of Britain - First step of Operation Sea Lion Lasting from July to September was the first battle to be fought solely in the Luftwaffe attacks were effective when concentrated on Long-term key point of the battle Hermann Goering - The Luftwaffe lacked large and their were inferior to the British The RAF had better fighters including the Turning point decision In responso to British bombing of German cities The enabled the (Royal Air Force) to squeak a narrow victory maintain air superiority and ensure the - ultimately indefinite postponement of Operation Sea Lion The bombing of Britains cities lasted throughout the war Main dates Scp 1940 - Junc 1941 World War Two EVENTS of 1939 September 1 Germany invades Poland September 17 November Soviet Russia invades invades Poland Poland is divided into two -- starting the War October-April Time of little war action between Axis and Allies Called by Germans Called by Allies April 9-12 Jtaly invades EVENTS of 1940 - mass execution of Polish national and military leaders carried out by the Soviet secret police (NKVD) in April and May 1940 The massacre was prompted by NKVD chief Lavrentiy Beria and Stalin The winter war between Russia and Finland concluded USSR gained a slice of territory next to This bit of buffer land comes in handy to Russia later when Germany attacks through Finland Maginot Line -- 9 April Germany invades Denmark and Norway Displays of blitzkrieg Armed resistance was stronger in Norway but there was consistent resistance to Nazi laws Reasons for invading this region The battle for Norway was contended also by The battle lasted until Norway was ruled by a Nazi puppet government led by the traitor Battle of France Case Yellow 10 May Winston Churchill replaced Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister of the UK 10 May Germany invades four countries German Wehrmacht s combination of fast armored (Panzer) on land and Luftwaffe superionity in the - made a unified attacking force that was both innovative and effective German strength in divisions Allied strength in divisions French - Belgians - Dutch - British Expeditionary Force (BEF)

Badminton is a popular racquet sport played indoors or outdoors by either two opposing players (singles) or two pairs (doubles) The game involves hitting a shuttlecock back and forth over a net using racquet Badminton has its origins in ancient civilizations with roots in games played in ancient Greece China and India Modern badminton as we know it today was developed in British India in the mid-19th century Players score points by landing the shuttlecock in the opponents court The game is played in sets with each set won by the first player or pair to reach 21 points Matches are typically best of three sets Badminton requires a shuttlecock a net and racquets The shuttlecock made of feathers or synthetic materials is hit back and forth over the net Racquets are used to strike the shuttlecock Playing badminton offers numerous health benefits including improved cardiovascular fitness agility coordination and flexibility It is a great way to stay active and socialize Badminton is a fast-paced and exciting sport that combines skill strategy and athleticism Whether played competitively or recreationally it provides a fun way to stay fit and enjoy the thrill of competition summarize this

19 Moreover it set the precedent for later restrictions against immigration of other nationalities and started a new era in which the United States changed from a country that welcomed almost all immigrants to a gatekeeping one The underlined sentence in the first paragraph can be restated as A The Chinese Exclusion Act did not comply with the US tradition as a country of immigrants B The Chinese Exclusion Act changed the US immigration policy in a fundamental way and led to similar discriminatory laws to be passed C The Chinese Exclusion Act was the most harmful law for immigrants in the US during the 19th century and its effect lasted for generations D The Chinese Exclusion Act was later expanded to include more nations and reformed US immigration policy significantly E The Chinese Exclusion Act was the beginning of the creation of discriminatory policies toward immigrant laborers in the US